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ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืกืžืื˜ืจืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื

ื”ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื: ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜, ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“. ื”ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืขื ืฆืืช ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ โ€“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ื ื’ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื”, ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื:

ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืกืœื•ืœืจ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 8-12 ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”; ื›-9 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”. 51% ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•-60% ืžืชื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืกืžืจืื˜ืคื•ืŸ.

ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืžืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืจืื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืคื™ื’ื™ ืฉืขืžื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ืžื ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•. ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.


ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช? ืžืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ?

ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืœื‘ืฆืขื” - ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ื”ื ืื”, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช.



ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชืžืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืจื’ื– ื›ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืฉืžื ืชืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช.


ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื“ืข ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืช ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ?

  1. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช; ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืคืชืข ื ืจืื” ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืžืžื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ.

  2. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™: ืื ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื›ืขืช ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืื ืœืคืชืข ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื•ื—ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉื™ื. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช; ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.

  3. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช: ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช (ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื’ื ืคื ื™ืžื™), ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื’ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื—ืฉืง ืœืคืชื— ืฉื™ื—ื”, ืžืขื ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืžืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข.

  4. ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื: ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืขื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื—ื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.

ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื ื•, ื›ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช:

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™; ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืฉืจื”, ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“) ืžืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืฆื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ืขืฉืจืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื’ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืชื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื.

ื”ืขืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืœื›ื ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื›ื ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื.


ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื?

  • ื”ืื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ?

  • ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?

  • ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื? ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•, ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืกื™ื—ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื™ ืžืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™?

  • ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ืืฉืžื”, ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืคืจื– ื‘ืžืกืš ืžื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื™?

  • ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš?

  • ื”ืื ืฆืžืฆืžืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื? ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื?

  • ื”ืื ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืžืง? ื”ืื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ?

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